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Index: E

control characters used with

45.35.1. With echo
45.35.2. With tr and echo

creating error messages : 8.6.2. Making Error Messages

debugging using : 46.2. Quoting Trouble? Think, Then Use echo

-e option : 46.10. A Portable echo Command

-E option : 46.10. A Portable echo Command

escape sequences interpreted by : 46.10. A Portable echo Command

examples

44.5. Test String Values with Bourne Shell case
44.12. Trapping Exits Caused by Interrupts
44.18. Standard Command-Line Parsing
45.27. Turn Off echo for "Secret" Answers
47.2.1.1. Writing Files
47.2.4. Quoting

external versions of : 8.11. Which One Will bash Use?

interpreting octal numbers : 45.35.1. With echo

-n option : 46.10. A Portable echo Command

sending escape sequences : 41.9. Commands to Adjust Your Terminal

shell scripts using : 45.27. Turn Off echo for "Secret" Answers

showing values of variables : 6.1. What Environment Variables Are Good For

turning off : 45.27. Turn Off echo for "Secret" Answers

version differences : 46.10. A Portable echo Command

writing special escape sequences : 7.6. Session Information in Your Terminal's Status Line

echo flag, turning off : 41.2.2. Handling Most Characters

echo shell variable

6.9. Special C Shell Variables
8.17. verbose and echo Variables Show Quoting

echoing

smart : 41.5. Why Some Systems Backspace over Prompts

ed editor

diff command and : 28.9. ex Scripts Built by diff
file size limits : 33.8. Batch Editing Gotcha: Editors Bomb on Big Files
no matches : 33.7. ed/ex Batch Edits: Avoid Errors When No Match

ediff script

28.8. More Friendly diff Output
52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc

edit command (SCCS) : 20.13. SCCS Basics

editing

compressed files : 24.11. Edit Compressed Files with zvi, zex, and zed
paired item checking : 29.9. Looking for Closure
with power tools : 1.6. Power Tools for Editing
spell checking : (see spell checking)
with file comparisons : 28.9. ex Scripts Built by diff

EDITOR environment variable : 6.3. Predefined Environment Variables

editors

ed : (see ed editor)
EDITOR variable : 6.3. Predefined Environment Variables
Emacs : (see Emacs editor)
ex : (see ex editor)
patch program : (see patch program)
qsubst program : 33.10. Quick Globals from the Command Line with qsubst
scripting line editors : 33.1. Why Line Editors Aren't Dinosaurs
sed : (see sed editor)
vi : (see vi editor)

egrep : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc

egrep expressions

calendar command : 48.4. Automatic Reminders and More: calendar
case statements building : 48.2. Online Phone and Address Lists
examples : 48.2. Online Phone and Address Lists
for loop building : 48.2. Online Phone and Address Lists
options : 48.2. Online Phone and Address Lists

egrep script

17.21. lookfor: Which File Has that Word?
26.4.11. Extended Regular Expressions
27.5. Extended Searching for Text with egrep
27.9. New greps Are Much Faster
27.16. Faking Case-Insensitive Searches
| (vertical bar) : 27.5. Extended Searching for Text with egrep
catman compared to : 50.3. apropos on Systems Without apropos
examples : 50.3. apropos on Systems Without apropos
-f option : 27.7. grepping for a List of Patterns
-i option : 50.6. Searching Online Manual Pages
picking the processes to kill : 38.13. Interactively Kill Processes Matching a Pattern
plus sign (+) : 27.5. Extended Searching for Text with egrep
question mark (?) : 27.5. Extended Searching for Text with egrep
searching manual pages : 50.6. Searching Online Manual Pages

eight-bit filenames : 23.15. Using unlink to Remove a File with a Strange Name

elapsed time

39.2. Timing Programs
39.5. Why Is the System So Slow?

elookfor : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc

elookfor script : 17.21. lookfor: Which File Has that Word?

else statement

44.8. Test Exit Status with the if Statement
(see also if loops)
examples : 44.8. Test Exit Status with the if Statement

em-dashes : 43.21. Preprocessing troff Input with sed

Emacs : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc

emacs

emacs mode command-line editing : 11.13. Shell Command-Line Editing

Emacs editor

abbreviations : 32.11. Using Word Abbreviation Mode
advantages over other editors : 32.1. Emacs: The Other Editor
auto-save file : 32.4. Backup and Auto-Save Files
backup file : 32.4. Backup and Auto-Save Files
C shell's PWD and : 32.9. Unset PWD Before Using Emacs
command completion : 32.6. Command Completion
global initialization file : 32.3. Customizations and How to Avoid Them
insert mode versus overwrite : 32.5. Putting Emacs in Overwrite Mode
key mapping : 32.7. Mike's Favorite Time Savers
mouse-based editors versus : 32.2. Emacs Features: A Laundry List
quoting control characters : 32.10. Inserting Binary Characters into Files
search customizations : 32.8. Rational Searches
x-on/x-off flow control : 32.12. Getting Around Emacs Flow Control Problems

emacs editor

directory for : 4.4. Directories for Emacs Hacks
temporary files generated by : 14.11. Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly

.emacs file

32.3. Customizations and How to Avoid Them
32.11.2. Making Word Abbreviations Part of Your Startup

.emacs_ml file : 32.7. Mike's Favorite Time Savers

.emacs_ml file : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc

email

multiple mailboxes : 21.8.1.1. Multiple Mailboxes
notification of : 21.8. The MAILCHECK and mail Variables Check More than Mail

emoticons : 51.12. You Don't Have Enough Smileys?

empty files

13.14. What Can You Do with an Empty File?
21.7. Setting File Modification Time with touch

emptying files : 24.1. Instead of Removing a File, Empty It

enable command : 8.11. Which One Will bash Use?

encoding arguments in termcap or terminfo entries : 41.11.2. Encoding Arguments

encryption : 22.17. Ways of Improving the Security of crypt

End of file unexpected : 46.1.2. Unmatched Operators

error message : 46.1. Tips for Debugging Shell Scripts

end-of-file (EOF) character : 13.14. What Can You Do with an Empty File?

end-of-input character

effect on subshells : 38.4. Subshells

end-of-line processing : 5.11. Initializing the Terminal with tset

enscript program : 43.22. Converting Text Files to PostScript

.enter file : 14.14. Automatic Setup When You Enter/Exit a Directory

.enter.csh script : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc

.enter.sh script : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc

entomb system : 23.9. delete: Protecting Files from Accidental Deletion

env command

6.1. What Environment Variables Are Good For
6.8. Shell Variables
14.10. Variables Help You Find Directories and Files
52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc

ENV environment variable

2.11. Faster ksh and bash Startup with $- Test
6.3. Predefined Environment Variables

environment : 38.3. Managing Processes: Overall Concepts

modifying : 44.23. Reading Files with the . and source Commands
temporary changes in : 13.7.2. Temporary Change of Directory and Environment
writing into temporary files : 40.4. Choosing the Shell Run (We Hope) by at

environment variables

2.12. Automatic Setups for Different Terminals
14.10. Variables Help You Find Directories and Files
45.24. A Shell Can Read a Script from its Standard Input, But...
(see also under specific variable names)
advantages : 6.1. What Environment Variables Are Good For
in Bourne shell : 47.2.5. Variable Syntax
in C shell : 47.2.5. Variable Syntax
changed inside redirected loops : 45.23. The Ins and Outs of Redirected I/O Loops
setting : 2.2.2. C Shell

epsffit program : 43.24. Other PostScript Utilities

equations

43.12.1. troff
43.12.2. TeX

erase character

5.9. Setting Your Erase, Kill, and Interrupt Characters
41.2.2. Handling Most Characters
BACKSPACE : 51.6. Cleaning script Files
DELETE : 51.6. Cleaning script Files

error messages

capturing for screen : 42.8. Errors Erased Too Soon? Try These Workarounds
creating : 8.6.2. Making Error Messages
installation process : 52.8.2.6. An Easy Build
program names included in : 44.22. Finding a Program Name; Multiple Program Names
scrolling off screen : 13.4. Problems Piping to a Pager

errors

44.9. Testing Your Success
(see also debugging; standard error)
Arguments too long : 9.20. Too Many Files for the Command Line
"Arguments too long" : 9.23. Workaround for "Arguments too long" Error
handled in C shell : 47.2.7. Error Handling
in redirected loops : 45.23. The Ins and Outs of Redirected I/O Loops
"No match" : 15.4. What if a Wildcard Doesn't Match?
stderr : (see standard error)
storing with logerrs script : 13.16. Store and Show Errors with logerrs

errors, syntax

in numeric tests : 46.4. Stop Syntax Errors in Numeric Tests
in string tests : 46.5. Stop Syntax Errors in String Tests

ESC key

file completion and : 9.9. Don't Match Useless Files in Filename Completion

ESC Z string : 5.5. Querying Your Terminal Type: qterm

escape sequences

5.8. Terminal Escape Sequences
41.9. Commands to Adjust Your Terminal
backslash character and : 8.6.1. Portability
copied into files : 51.5. Copy What You Do with script
echo command interpreting : 46.10. A Portable echo Command
prompt settings and : 7.8. Highlighting in Shell Prompts
removing : 43.19. Removing Leading Tabs and Other Trivia
writing with echo command : 7.6. Session Information in Your Terminal's Status Line

/etc/motd script : 2.14. motd.diff: Show New Lines in Login Messages

/etc/passwd file

corrupted : 50.12. Common UNIX Error Messages

/etc/passwd file : 1.23. File Access Permissions

/etc/shells file : 2.16. Approved Shells: Using Unapproved Login Shell

/etc/ttys file : 2.12. Automatic Setups for Different Terminals

/etc/ttytab file : 2.12. Automatic Setups for Different Terminals

eval command : 5.3. Setting the Terminal Type When You Log In

advantages : 8.10. eval: When You Need Another Chance

awk compared to : 44.14. Putting awk, sed, etc., Inside Shell Scripts

examples

45.14. Finding the Last Command-Line Argument
45.30.4. Using sed

if-then-else in aliases : 10.7. How to Put if-then-else in a C Shell Alias

scanning contents of variables : 45.17. Making a for Loop with Multiple Variables

sed combined with : 45.30.4. Using sed

shell variables and : 10.10. Simulated Bourne Shell Functions and Aliases

simulating arrays : 45.34. Arrays in the Bourne Shell

ex editor

abbreviations

30.31. vi Word Abbreviation
31.9. Good Stuff for Your .exrc File

appending to file : 30.13. Appending to an Existing File

capitalizing words : 30.17. Capitalizing Every Word on a Line

command descriptions : 33.4. Useful ex Commands

confirming substitutions : 30.10. Confirming Substitutions in ex and vi

counting occurrences : 30.16. Counting Occurrences; Stopping Search Wraps

deleting by patterns : 30.14. Moving Blocks of Text by Patterns

diff command and : 28.9. ex Scripts Built by diff

file recovery : 30.24. vi/ex File Recovery vs. Networked Filesystems

filtering text : 30.22. Filtering Text Through a UNIX Command

global command : 30.9.1. Global Searches

line addressing : 33.3. Line Addressing

modelines : 30.19. Modelines: Bug or Feature?

moving by patterns : 30.14. Moving Blocks of Text by Patterns

multiple setup files

30.20. Multiple Editor Setup Files; Starting with a Search
30.21. Per File Setups in Separate Files

no matches : 33.7. ed/ex Batch Edits: Avoid Errors When No Match

open mode : 30.36. The ex Open Mode Can Be Handy

patterns

30.9. Using Search Patterns and Global Commands
30.14. Moving Blocks of Text by Patterns

quoting control characters : 31.6. Protecting Keys from Interpretation by ex

quoting | (vertical bar) : 31.6. Protecting Keys from Interpretation by ex

reverting to saved : 30.4. Editing Multiple Files with vi

save as new file : 30.4. Editing Multiple Files with vi

saving as new file : 30.11. Keep Your Original File, Write to a New File

saving part of file : 30.12. Saving Part of a File

scripting : 33.3. Line Addressing

settings

30.6. Local Settings for vi and ex
30.18. Setting vi Options Automatically for Individual Files

startup commands : 30.6. Local Settings for vi and ex

stopping search wraps : 30.16. Counting Occurrences; Stopping Search Wraps

switching between files : 30.4. Editing Multiple Files with vi

transfer text between files : 30.5. Edits Between Files

undoing changes : 30.10. Confirming Substitutions in ex and vi

yank buffers : 30.5. Edits Between Files

examples : 51.11. Making an Arbitrary-Size File for Testing

exclamation point : (see !)

exclamation point (!)

test command using : 44.20. test: Testing Files and Strings

exec command : 1.11. How the Shell Executes Other Commands

associating file descriptors with files : 45.22. Handling Files Line-by-Line

examples : 45.10. Removing a File Once It's Opened - for Security and Easy Cleanup

manage file descriptors : 45.7. The exec Command

replacing C shell with Bourne shell

45.6. Making Sure Your Script Runs with Bourne Shell, Without #!
45.7. The exec Command

typing at a shell prompt : 38.2. fork and exec

exec commands : 38.2. fork and exec

executable files

52.8.2. Compiling Source Code
52.8.2.7. Functions, Libraries, and Header Files
displaying : 45.5. A File That Shows Itself... and What #! Does
errors caused by : 50.12. Common UNIX Error Messages
executing without showing #! : 45.5. A File That Shows Itself... and What #! Does
making executable by using # : 45.4. Fun with #!
permissions on : 44.2. Writing a Simple Shell Program
strip command and : 24.13. Save Space in Executable Files with strip
testing : 44.4. Testing How Your System Executes Files

execute permission

22.2. Tutorial on File and Directory Permissions
22.19. Shell Scripts Must be Readable and (Usually) Executable
without read permission : 22.12. A Directory that People Can Access but Can't List

execution statistics, report summarizing : 38.5. The ps Command

EXINIT environment variable

6.3. Predefined Environment Variables
6.10. Running a Command with a Temporarily Different Environment
10.2.2. Using More Complex Aliases
30.6. Local Settings for vi and ex
30.35. Out of Temporary Space? Use Another Directory

exit command : 44.11. Set Exit Status of a Shell (Script)

.cshrc file : 2.9. Speeding Up Your C Shell with set prompt Test
effect on subshells : 38.4. Subshells
examples : 44.5. Test String Values with Bourne Shell case
redirected loops using : 45.23. The Ins and Outs of Redirected I/O Loops
to end scripts : 51.5. Copy What You Do with script

exit command (awk) : 33.11.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands

exit command (lpc) : 43.3. Printer Control with lpc

.exit file : 14.14. Automatic Setup When You Enter/Exit a Directory

exit status

44.8. Test Exit Status with the if Statement

(see also status variable)

of loops : 45.19. A while Loop with Several Loop Control Commands

non-zero : 46.9. If Command Doesn't Return a Status, Test the Error Messages

of background jobs : 44.7. Exit Status of UNIX Processes

of commands in Bourne shell scripts : 44.7. Exit Status of UNIX Processes

of pipelines : 44.7. Exit Status of UNIX Processes

of redirected loops : 45.23. The Ins and Outs of Redirected I/O Loops

returned by processes : 38.3. Managing Processes: Overall Concepts

testing

44.8. Test Exit Status with the if Statement
44.10. Loops That Test Exit Status
46.9. If Command Doesn't Return a Status, Test the Error Messages

values for expr

45.28. Quick Reference: expr
45.29. Testing Characters in a String with expr

zero

44.10. Loops That Test Exit Status
45.9. The Unappreciated Bourne Shell ":" Operator
46.9. If Command Doesn't Return a Status, Test the Error Messages

.exit.csh script : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc

.exit.sh script : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc

exp command (awk) : 33.11.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands

expand command

41.4.1. TAB Is Just Another Character to UNIX
52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc

Expect : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc

Expect program : 9.26. Expect

testing interactive programs : 9.26.3. Testing: A Story

expr command

45.28. Quick Reference: expr

52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc

advantages

45.30.1. Matching with expr
49.1. bc: Simple Math at the Shell Prompt

alternatives to : 45.11. The Multipurpose jot Command

arguments

$* : 45.30.1. Matching with expr
$@ : 45.30.1. Matching with expr

as calculator

49.1. bc: Simple Math at the Shell Prompt
49.6. Quick Arithmetic with expr

disadvantages : 45.30.1. Matching with expr

examples : 45.28. Quick Reference: expr

exit status values

45.28. Quick Reference: expr
45.29. Testing Characters in a String with expr

jot compared to : 45.11. The Multipurpose jot Command

listing command-line arguments : 45.30.1. Matching with expr

loops using : 45.11. The Multipurpose jot Command

matching character strings : 45.30.1. Matching with expr

operators : 45.28. Quick Reference: expr

syntax

45.28. Quick Reference: expr
45.28.1. Examples

testing character strings : 45.29. Testing Characters in a String with expr

variables : 45.28.1. Examples

expressions

in C shell

47.4.2. Expressions
47.4.4. Examples

conditional : 44.8. Test Exit Status with the if Statement

expressions, conditional

44.8. Test Exit Status with the if Statement
(see also if loops; for loops; foreach loop; while loops)

expunge program : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc

exrc file (on disc) : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc

.exrc file

4.9. Setting Up vi with the .exrc File
30.6. Local Settings for vi and ex
30.18. Setting vi Options Automatically for Individual Files
31.9. Good Stuff for Your .exrc File

EXSTAT environment variable : 30.20. Multiple Editor Setup Files; Starting with a Search

exta, extb rates : 41.2.1. How We Made It This Far (Back?)

extended regular expressions : 26.4.11. Extended Regular Expressions

extensions, filename

1.17. Filename Extensions
4.6. Naming Files

"external control" rates : 41.2.1. How We Made It This Far (Back?)

external commands

1.10. Internal and External Commands
7.4. Faster Prompt Setting with Built-Ins
executing : 1.11. How the Shell Executes Other Commands
setting variables with : 7.12. External Commands Send Signals to Set Variables

extractres program : 43.24. Other PostScript Utilities

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